References
1 The term ‘Ag-gag’ was originally coined by New York Times journalist Mark Bittman in 2011; see Bittman, M. ‘Who Protects the Animals?’ New York Times, 26 April 2011 <http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/who-protects-the-animals/>.
2 For a summary of investigations by four of America’s leading animal protection organisations since 2011, see: Animal Visuals, ‘Ag-gag laws and factory farm investigations mapped’ <http://www.animalvisuals.org/projects/data/investigations/2013>.
3 Ibid.
4 Willingham, R, and Allard, T. ‘Ban on live cattle trade to Indonesia’ The Age, 8 June 2011 <http://www.theage.com.au/national/ban-on-live-cattle-trade-to-indonesia-20110607-1frdg.html>; Ockenden, W. ‘Industry suspends live trade to Egypt’ ABC Rural, 6 May 2013 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-04/livex-egypt-ban/4669456>.
5 See, Rural Affairs and Transport References Committee (2011) Animal Welfare Standards in Australia’s Live Export Markets, Australian Senate; and Farmer, B. (2011) Independent Review of Australia’s Livestock Export Trade, Report commissioned by the Australian Government <http://www.liveexports.gov.au/news#reports>.
6 See, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Cth) Exporter Supply Chain Assurance System (ESCAS) 16 May 2012 <http://www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity/export/live-animals/livestock/escas>.
7 ABC News, ‘Abattoir charged over pig bashing footage’ 16 January 2013 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-16/abattoir-charged-over-pig-bashing-footage/4468018>.
8 March, S. ‘Abattoir closed over animal cruelty concerns’ ABC News, 30 November 2011 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-30/abattoir-closed-over-animal-cruelty-concerns/3703144>.
9 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, ‘Pepe’s Ducks to pay $400,000 arising from false, misleading and deceptive conduct’ 19 December 2012 <http://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/pepes-ducks-to-pay-400000-arising-from-false-misleading-and-deceptive-conduct>.
10 Bush Telegraph. ‘The battle over animal welfare and ag-gag laws’ ABC Radio National, 21 July 2014 http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bushtelegraph/the-battle-over-animal-welfare-and-ag-gag-laws/5612314.
11 See Bettles, C. ‘Senator backs ‘ag gags’’ The Land, 4 July 2013 <http://www.theland.com.au/news/agriculture/livestock/other/senator-backs-ag-gags/2660177.aspx?storypage=1>; and Bettles, C. ‘Support for ‘ag gag’ move’ The Land, 28 May 2013 <http://www.theland.com.au/news/agriculture/livestock/cattle-beef/support-for-ag-gag-move/2658824.aspx?storypage=1>.
12 ASPCA, ‘Statement of opposition to proposed “Ag-gag” laws from broad spectrum of interest groups’ <http://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/advocacy-center/ag-gag-whistleblower-suppression-legislation/statement-opposition>.
13 See, Animal Visuals, ‘Ag-gag laws and factory farm investigations mapped’ <http://www.animalvisuals.org/projects/data/investigations/2013>.
14 Flynn, D. ‘2012 Legislative season ends with ‘Ag-gag’ bills defeated in 11 states’ Food Safety News, 30 July 2013 <http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/07/2013-legislative-season-ends-with-ag-gag-bills-defeated-in-11-states/#.UhM-EtL-Hm4>.
15 MSN News, ‘Nation’s first ‘ag gag’ prosecution dismissed in Utah’ 1 May 2013 <http://news.msn.com/us/nations-first-ag-gag-prosecution-dismissed-in-utah>.
16 Wells, S. ‘Landmark ‘Ag gag’ lawsuit fights threat to freedom of speech’ Huffington Post, 23 July 2013 <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-wells/ag-gag-bill_b_3635527.html>.
17 Cagle, S. ‘A gag too far: how ag-gag laws can backfire’ Grist, 26 April 2013 <http://grist.org/food/a-gag-too-far-how-ag-gag-laws-can-backfire/>.
18 Editorial Board, ‘Eating with our eyes closed’ New York Times, 9 April 2013 <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/10/opinion/eating-with-our-eyes-closed.html?_r=0>.
19 Bittman, M. ‘Who Protects the Animals?’ New York Times, 26 April 2011 <http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/who-protects-the-animals/>.
20 Gibson, M. ‘US gag laws are violating press freedom – they should not be expanded overseas’ The Guardian, 31 July 2013 <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/31/ag-gag-law-journalism-activism>.
21 Moyers, B. ‘Ag-gag laws silence factory farm whistleblowers’ Huffington Post, 11 July 2013 <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-moyers/watch-ag-gag-laws-silence_b_3580074.html>.
22 For an example see, See Mickelburough, P. ‘Abattoir Shut Amid Animal Cruelty Claims’ Herald Sun, 25 November 2011 <http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/abbattoir-shut-amid-animal-cruelty-claims/story-fn7x8me2-1226206386636>; Cannane, S. ‘Abattoir shut down over cruelty concerns’ ABC News, 10 February 2012 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-09/abattoir-shut-down-over-cruelty-concerns/3821302>; Fitzsimmons, H. ‘Victorian abattoir accused of cruel treatment of unwanted dairy calves’ Lateline ABC, 1 February 2013 <http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2013/s3681709.htm>; Levy, M. ‘Torture for fun’: police given shocking abattoir footage’ Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 2013 <http://www.smh.com.au/national/torture-for-fun-police-given-shocking-abattoir-footage-20130321-2ggm2.html>; Herbert, B. ‘Disturbing footage prompts calls for duck farming changes’ ABC 7.30 Report, 19 June 2012 <http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3528922.htm>; Knaus, C. ‘Police, RSPCA probe ‘cruelty’ at piggery’ The Canberra Times, 6 August 2012 <http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/police-rspca-probe-cruelty-at-piggery-20120805-23o7s.html>; Langdon, A. ‘Roam Free’ 60 Minutes, 28 March 2013 <http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8633776>.
23 Editorial Board, ‘Cruelty to farm animals demands exposure’ Washington Post, 27 April 2013 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cruelty-to-farm-animals-demands-exposure/2013/04/26/9a972c8e-a6bf-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html>.
24 For a discussion about the social legitimacy of activist activities, see McCausland, C, O’Sullivan, S, & Brenton, S. (2013) ‘Trespass, Animals
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